Navigating tensions in circular ecosystem development: a case study of slow-the-loop and close-the-loop strategies in the Finnish e-bike ecosystem

This paper investigates tensions both within and between slow-the-loop (StL) or close-the-loop (CtL) strategies in the early stages of a circular ecosystem. The study applies an embedded case design and investigates the e-bike ecosystem in Finland. We interviewed the main actors of this ecosystem and performed a qualitative data analysis. First, we identified tensions within both StL and CtL strategies. We aggregated tensions into three categories: e-bike design, operation logic, and e-bike users. Second, we propose that alternative circular strategies can become oppositional poles in the early the stages of ecosystem. Based on paradox literature and a polarity map, we discuss how the emerging ecosystem needs to shift from either/or to both/and thinking to develop circular strategies.