Transformational leadership, HRM and employee attitudes

Answering recent calls to integrate research on leadership and human resource management (HRM), we test how HRM system implementation and transformational leadership (TL) are related to a set of employee attitudes. Analyses of a sample of 308 subordinates to 76 middle-level managers in five MNCs suggest that HRM enhances some of the effects of TL, but also that it functions as an important substitute for much of the influence hitherto attributed to TL. The implications of these intriguing results for research on leadership and HRM as well as for evidence-based management are discussed.